TP53 and cancer: Figure 3 displays a part of modulated genes for ovarian cancer. As shown in Fig. 3, the second module includes EGF, FGF10, NF1, and TP53, which are interconnected in the regulation of critical cancer-related pathways such as MAPK, Ras, and PI3K-Akt. Dysregulation of these genes, particularly in ovarian cancer, contributes to tumor progression by enhancing cell proliferation, survival, and migration. The complete module set for ovarian cancer and the results of this part for other 12 cancer types are reported in Supplementary Tables S5–S16.