For instance, CK primarily modulates the PPARγ/NF-κB axis to suppress M1 polarization in metabolic disorders, achieving a 40% reduction in adipose tissue inflammation (Xu et al., 2018), while AS-IV demonstrates superior anti-tumor effects by targeting AMPKα and HMGB1/TLR4 pathways, reducing M2 macrophage-mediated tumor growth by 50% in CRC models (Wu et al., 2015). Here, HMGB1 is linked to neoplasm.