INS and Hyperglycemia: Reactive oxygen species(ROS) are byproducts of mitochondrial metabolism, as hyperglycemia advances, oxidative stress in β-cells is often driven by mitochondrial ROS, which overwhelms the body’s antioxidant defenses, leading to impairment of insulin signaling pathway and metabolic dysregulation, thus plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of T2DM and its associated complications causing IR (58, 59).