S100A12 and pulmonary fibrosis: Studies have demonstrated that S100A12 and S100A8 are potential biomarker for disease severity and prognosis in some diseases, such as Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (Li et al., 2022), Rheumatoid Arthritis (Roszkowski et al., 2022), Blau syndrome (Wang et al., 2018), Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (Zhou et al., 2019), active lupus nephritis (Davies et al., 2020), and dilated cardiomyopathy (Yu et al., 2024).