Specifically, HPA +/CD24 + plasma-enriched sEVs derived from patients with metastatic breast cancer exhibited MFI values of 923.6 and 165.6, while HPA +/CD24 + plasma-enriched sEVs derived from patients with non-metastatic breast cancer displayed minimal binding, with one patient sample showing an MFI value of 0.6. Here, HPSE is linked to breast cancer.