Previous studies have shown that mucosal hBD‐1 expression was decreased in both CD and UC,[20] while another study that measured mRNA showed that the levels of hBD‐1 were not significantly different between IBD patients and controls.[52] Yet another study noted that hBD‐1 mRNA was detectable in 61% of control and CD and 53% of UC biopsies.[10b] Such discrepancies may have resulted from sample size, type of tissue (whole colonic tissue vs CECs), and assays (mRNA, immunohistochemistry) to study hBD‐1. This evidence concerns the gene DEFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease.