Therefore, identifying and targeting key EV-ncRNAs involved in these interactions may reverse resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and significantly enhance the efficacy of checkpoint blockade.It is plausible that the use of the Aethlon ADAPTTM system to clear EV-ncRNAs from cancers may increase the effectiveness of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy [183]. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is cancer.