CD8A and glioblastoma: Paradigmatic in this regard is the cellular landscape of primary astrocytic brain tumors, such as glioblastoma (GBM) (7), the cellular milieu of which comprises a multiplicity of noncancer cells including vascular endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and macrophages (13–16), with notable limitation in the presence of cytotoxic immune effectors, such as natural killer (NK) and CD8α+ T cells (17, 18).