Unlike previous studies that primarily focused on macroscopic outcomes, this research aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of TMPyP-PDT, low-dose doxorubicin, and their combination on the mRNA expression of key genes involved in cancer progression: transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.