The phosphorylation of NRF2 at Ser40, a posttranslational modification involved in antioxidant response element (ARE)–mediated transcription (26, 27), was upregulated in PanIN and PDA compared with normal ducts but remained unchanged in IPMN (Fig. 1D and E). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm.