For instance, a systematic review showed that BNP exhibits a sensitivity ranging from 91% to 95% but a specificity limited to 55%–80%, while NT-proBNP demonstrates a sensitivity of 90%–96% and a specificity of approximately 55%–74%, which may still be influenced by factors such as age and renal dysfunction (Hill et al., 2014). Here, NPPB is linked to Abnormal renal physiology.