TNF and infection: In individuals with inadequate adaptive response in case of HIV infections, newborns or people undertaking anti-TNF-α therapies, granulomas become necrotic with a caseous center (soft, cheese-like appearance), which results in dissemination of the infection to other parts of the host (Solovic et al., 2010; Tornheim and Dooley, 2017; Chandra et al., 2022).