TNF and diabetes mellitus: Likewise, an increase in the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 in the gingiva has been reported, both in patients and in animal models with diabetes (Salvi et al., 1997; Salvi et al., 1998), which influences the vascular and cellular phenomena of inflammation (Domingueti et al., 2016), stimulating greater bone resorption, through an increase and reduction in the expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin, respectively (Santos et al., 2010).