INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The adverse effects of DEX may be reversible if given for the short term; however, patients receiving DEX for the long term may suffer from irreversible metabolic damage (Rafacho et al., 2010), as well as the production of free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals, which contribute to oxidative stress and deteriorates insulin secretion and action, hastening the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) (Bjelaković et al., 2007).