These hormones promote the progression of CRC by activating pathways such as JAK-STAT3, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, and PI3K/AKT through their interactions with their receptors (Massaro et al., 2020; Bahar et al., 2023; Olszańska et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and colorectal carcinoma.