CD40LG and venous thromboembolism: It is well-established that the presence of lupus anticoagulant and a history of venous thromboembolism are key predictors of subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes.(24,25) However, studies have shown that the solely positivity for IgM or IgG anticardiolipin, and anti-β2-glycoprotein-1 antibodies does not reliably predict adverse pregnancy outcomes.(24) Given the ongoing debate surrounding the role of these antibodies and the unclear clinical significance of low antibody levels, it's crucial to adhere to standardized APS diagnoses, utilizing the revised Sapporo criteria.