Bifidobacterium, a genus within the phylum Actinobacteria, has been shown to enhance the efficacy of ICI treatment in NSCLC patients.A study suggests that Bifidobacterium enhances the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-L1 antibodies by promoting dendritic cell function and increasing the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (70). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.