PDX1 and gestational diabetes: After adjusting for traditional risk factors (age, preconception BMI, family history of diabetes, smoking exposure, alcohol consumption, and GDM), the logistic regression analysis showed that pregnant women with higher PDX1 levels in early pregnancy had a lower incidence of macrosomia (aOR 0.249, 95% CI 0.076-0.811, P=0.021) and composite adverse pregnancy outcomes (aOR 0.496, 95% CI 0.256-0.960, P=0.037, Table 5).