PDX1 and diabetes mellitus: After adjusting for traditional risk factors (including age, preconception BMI, family history of diabetes, smoking exposure, and alcohol consumption), the logistic regression analysis revealed that PDX1 in early pregnancy was linked to a decreased risk of GDM (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.287, 95%CI 0.130-0.636, P=0.002) (Table 4).