APOE and memory impairment: Rawle et al. used a birth cohort analysis and found that the cumulative detrimental impact of APOE ε4 on memory from midlife to early old age displays dose-dependent effects (β = -0.68 for heterozygotes vs β = -1.38 for homozygotes) [17]. Gambardella et al. conducted a neuropsychological and molecular study in 138 patients with mild non-lesional TLE who rarely or never had seizures during follow-up and found that APOE ε4 was associated with memory impairment (OR 4.18, 95% CI [1.66, 10.55]). Furthermore, the interaction was found between disease duration and APOE ε4.