While our in vitro data provide evidence supporting the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in osteoclastogenesis associated with PJI, further studies analyzing monocytes derived from PJI patients and controls, as well as in vivo PJI models, will be necessary to fully elucidate the functional significance of this pathway in a clinical setting. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and juvenile polyposis syndrome.