In addition, compared with the control group cells, the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which catalyzes the production of Acetyl-CoA from pyruvate, was upregulated in A875 and SK-MEL-110 melanoma cells overexpressing NDUFS3, while knocking down NDUFS3 resulted in downregulation of PDH activity (Fig. 5F). The gene discussed is NDUFS3; the disease is melanoma.