In the insulin-stimulated state, plasma BCAA levels were higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with both individuals with obesity (173±15 vs 124±9 pmol/l, p=0.015) and lean individuals (173±15 vs 94±8 pmol/l, p<0.001), whereas no difference was observed between individuals with obesity and lean individuals (124±9 vs 94±8 pmol/l, p=0.192) (Fig. 1b). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.