While GBM overall is considered a weakly immune-infiltrated tumor due to its low mutational burden and anatomical location42,67,68, the above signs of inflammatory conditioning support the notion that the viable tumor center can contain considerable numbers of potentially exhausted, yet IL-12-responsive and readily activatable populations of tumor-reactive effector CD4 and CD8 T cells45,46. Here, CD8A is linked to glioblastoma.