Several factors act as pro-inflammatory stimuli in the vascular system, with ox-LDL being identified as one of the most potent DAMPs driving atherogenesis.263 Ox-LDL particles can be recognized by TLR ligands, inducing lipid-laden macrophages to release inflammatory cytokines.283 TLR2 and TLR4 are particularly important in vascular inflammatory responses due to their high abundance in atheromatous plaques.284 Loss-of-function studies have demonstrated the significant role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Here, TLR4 is linked to atherosclerosis.