TNF and chronic kidney disease: The proinflammatory cytokine TNFα was shown to drive cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro, and TNFα inhibition in vivo could, in part, restore the reduced ejection fraction in mice with CKD induced by either subtotal nephrectomy or ischemia/reperfusion injury with contralateral nephrectomy.186 LV single-nucleus RNA sequencing also revealed signatures of cardiac vascular inflammation in these CKD mice.186 Others could similarly reveal a causal role for inflammation in uremic cardiomyopathy by directly blocking key inflammatory pathways.