More recently, a few studies showed circulating CXCR5negCD4pos cells with TFH functions, such as production of IL-21 and the capability to help B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and HIV-infected individuals (Bocharnikov et al., 2019; Del Alcazar et al., 2019), and importantly researchers mapped these circulating CXCR5negCD4pos cells to an original lymph node CXCR5pos TFH subset (Del Alcazar et al., 2019), suggesting another possible outcome for TFH cells outside secondary lymphoid organs. Here, IL21 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.