TNF and pneumonia: Van Belleghem et al. (2017) reported that exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to phages targeting Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, suggesting a complex immunomodulatory profile. Additionally, Roach et al. (2017) demonstrated that neutrophil activity was essential for effective phage-mediated clearance of P. aeruginosa in a murine pneumonia model, emphasizing the concept of immunophage synergy.