USP18 and infection: We found a significant temporal induction of ISGs (for example, MX1, RTP4, IRF7, USP18, TRANK1) in alvORG at day 3 after infection compared to mock-infected samples or nasalALI at day 5 and day 7 compared to day 1 after infection (Fig. 5b,d and Supplementary Table 5).