Abbreviations: ACTB -β-actin; Atg -autophagy-related; Baf-A1 - Bafilomycin-A1; CSC -cancer stem cells; Col1A -type 1a collagen; d -day; HBSS -Hank’s balanced salt solution; LC3 -microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 protein; SQSTM1/p62 -sequestosome; OB -osteoblast; OC -osteoclast; OS -osteosarcoma; TEM -transmission electron microscopy; TGF-β -transforming growth factor β; TRAP -acid phosphatase 5, tartrate-resistant. The gene discussed is ACTB; the disease is osteosarcoma.