Research has demonstrated that vagus nerve stimulation can ameliorate depression-like behaviors brought on by SD by lowering the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in peripheral blood and the hippocampus, as well as by preventing astrocyte and microglia activation (Ma et al., 2024). Here, IL6 is linked to depressive symptom measurement.