NFKB1 and insomnia measurement: By controlling the expression of inflammatory factors like IL-6 and IL-1β, the activity of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein, and the ratio of p-ERK to ERK, GAS not only improves the quality of sleep in mice with insomnia (Long et al., 2021), but it also ameliorates sleep disorders brought on by the deprivation of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) by modulating the TLR4/NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways (Liu B. et al., 2023).