TGFB1 and gingival overgrowth: Although clinical studies report a prevalence of 3.4% for amlodipine-induced gingival overgrowth (34), our study found that associated adverse reactions are equally noteworthy, with gingival hypertrophy occurring at rates as high as 61.8%, possibly related to the upregulation of TGF-β1 and KGF gene expression (35).