The overall abundance of these organisms correlated significantly and positively with the concentration of IL-8 and the count of neutrophils in sputum.23Another study showed that nasal microbiotas dominated byMoraxellaspecies were associated with increased exacerbation risk, whereasStreptococcusspecies-dominated assemblages increased the risk of rhinovirus infection.24Colonization by these species was linked to longer durations of asthma and lower post-bronchodilator lung function.12, 13, 25These patients often exhibit poor responses to conventional asthma therapies. Here, CXCL8 is linked to asthma.