HSPH1 and neoplasm: In addition, GSVA analysis showed that HSPH1 was significantly associated with the G2/M checkpoint, E2F targets and the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, suggesting that it drives tumour proliferation by interfering with cell cycle regulation (e.g. inhibiting DNA damage repair) and metabolic reprogramming (e.g. activating mTORC1).