LAMP1 and gastric adenocarcinoma: We previously established that the vacuolating toxin (VacA) secreted by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) impairs TRPML1 activity and induces cell vacuolation in AGS (gastric adenocarcinoma) cells, as assessed by Lamp1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1) immunolabelling (Figure 1C) 41–43.