GABARAPL1 and infection: Given that FOXO3 directly regulates autophagy gene networks [56,57] and expression of Gabarap and Gabarapl1 [58], and that the activation of AMPK leads to a FOXO3A-dependent increase in the ATG protein level in primary myotubules [34], it is proposed that GABRA4-mediated FOXO3 signaling is critical for macrophage autophagy activation to maintain intracellular homeostasis during infection and inflammation.