SPP1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Indeed, in mdx models (a widely used mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy), Spp1 ablation decreases active TGFβ and improves fibrosis, whereas in the mdxD2 model, a more severe dystrophic model characterised by constitutively high TGFβ signalling, Spp1 ablation has minimal impact.