First, some upstream components, such as EGFR, other RTKs, and Ras, activate multiple downstream effectors, in addition to the Raf-MEK-Erk arm, including cancer promoting components (e.g., the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, RalGDS, PKCε, PKCζ, Src; [3, 4, 33, 35, 73, 74]. Here, MAPK1 is linked to cancer.