TLR4 and Alzheimer disease: To gain deeper insights into the regulatory mechanisms of SLAMF8 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we assessed the expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylated p65 (phospho-p65), total p65, phosphorylated IκBα (phospho-IκBα), and total IκBα across different experimental groups.