HP and inflammatory bowel disease: Besides, a number of biological markers or susceptibility genes of IBD observed in mammals, including c-reactive protein 6 (crp6), crp7, MMPs, haptoglobin, il23r, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 a (igfbp1a), cAMP responsive element modulator b (cremb), and lymphocyte specific protein 1 b (lsp1b), were highly expressed in the ctla-4-/- zebrafish (Figure 3I and J; Duerr et al., 2006; Lees et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2017), suggesting the presence of a conserved molecular network underlying IBD pathogenesis between ctla-4-/- zebrafish and mammalian models.