While our study cannot fully resolve the causal direction between microbial dysbiosis and immune dysregulation, experimental models (e.g., Prevotella-colonized mice developing inflammation) and their tumor-promoting mechanisms (e.g., NF-κB-mediated cytokine upregulation) suggest that dysbiosis may contribute to immune dysregulation in lung cancer. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and lung carcinoma.