ATF3 and Insulin resistance: It is induced by oxidative stress and inflammation and regulates immune responses by modulating Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling in macrophages.[35, 36] In liver diseases like MAFLD and MASH, ATF3 expression is upregulated, contributing to hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and the progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D).[37] ATF3 regulates key molecules such as FOXO1 and CD36, which are essential for lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis.[37] Furthermore, ATF3 promotes a shift in hepatocyte death from apoptosis to necroptosis, particularly under conditions of severe hepatic steatosis.