CCL2 and neoplasm: In PCa, both epithelial and stromal cells within the TME can release monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1/C-C motif ligand (CCL2) along with other soluble factors, such as TGFβ, which fosters pro-tumor M2-like state polarization [25, 26] and correlates with tumor M2-like expansion and metastasis [27, 28].