TGFA and gout: In the IVW analysis of forward MR, 5 CIPs were suggestively and positively associated with gout, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) (OR = 1.203; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.002–1.445; P = .048), matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) (OR = 1.248; 95% CI: 1.061–1.468; P = .008), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (OR = 1.234; 95% CI: 1.012–1.506; P = .038), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (OR = 1.295; 95% CI: 1.026–1.634; P = .029), and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) (OR = 1.305; 95% CI: 1.020–1.669; P = .034) (Fig. 2).