ESR1 and cancer: Despite its importance, the full structure and behavior of ERα at the molecular level have remained unclear. HS-AFM, with improved molecular tracking algorithms and enhanced feedback control systems, could provide real-time visualization of ERα–DNA interactions, offering new insights into hormone-independent transcriptional regulation in cancer biology.  In our study, we used HS-AFM to observe how ERα binds to specific DNA sequences EREs 2025).