INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: This study found an upregulation of genes related to inflammation and lipid metabolism and a down-regulation of genes involved in insulin signaling and mitochondrial function (oxidative phosphorylation) in both liver and visceral fat tissue of patients with MUO and MASLD compared with MHO, indicating different transcriptional profiles between MHO and MUO in promoting MASLD [55].