IGF1 and cancer: Under normal conditions, mTORC1 is activated by upstream signals such as insulin, IGF‐1, and the AKT/PI3K pathway, leading to phosphorylation of S6 kinase (S6K) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1 (4EBP1), both of which promote translation of proteins required for cancer cell survival and proliferation.