These data indicate that non-acylated ACT is at least partially functional during infection and are consistent with the fact that although for both B. bronchiseptica and B. pertussis, the ∆cyaC mutant was severely defective relative to the wild-type strain for intoxication of J774 macrophage-like cells, it was still able to intoxicate to a low level (Fig. 3). Here, SERPINA3 is linked to infection.