HMGB1 and neoplasm: DAMPs are known to activate dendritic cells (DCs), further promoting maturation of the CD4+ T cells into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which secrete IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, and drive TAM polarization towards the M1 phenotype.[46] Additionally, in the distant tumor microenvironment, the HMGB1 released from irradiated tumor cells binds to the TLR4 receptors on the TAMs, further promoting M1 polarization.