When analyzing the correlation between tumor volumes, serum cytokines/chemokines levels and immune cell populations in blood and biopsy samples, irrespective of tumor type, tumor progression with CPMV treatment positively correlated with serum levels of GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-18, and MCP-1, and negatively correlated with the abundance of circulating CD4+ T cells (Figure 8D). Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.