SMAD3 and renal fibrosis: Previous studies have shown that the activation of two intracellular signaling pathways promotes renal tubular EMT and renal fibrosis.(Pang et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2022) In the current study, we observed that inhibition of HDAC11 diminished the phosphorylation (activation) of both Smad3 and STAT3 in the kidney with UUO injury and cultured renal epithelial cells with TGF-b1 stimulation, indicating the importance of HDCA11 in regulating their phosphorylation.