To elucidate the underlying mechanism by which HDAC11 induces EMT and renal fibrosis in the UUO model, we investigated the effect of HDAC11 inhibition on the phosphorylation of Smad3 (p-Smad3) and STAT3 (p-STAT3) in the kidney and cultured RTPCs. The gene discussed is SMAD3; the disease is renal fibrosis.